Recent progress in fluoropolymers for membranes

Recent progress in fluoropolymers for membranes

Zhaoliang Cui, Enrico Drioli*, Young Moo Lee*

Abstract

Fluoropolymers usually have high mechanical strength and excellent chemical stability and thus have been employed for the last several decades as materials for membrane separation processes, typically in water purification and energy applications such as microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), fuel cells, battery separators, etc. Recently, new membrane operations such as membrane distillation (MD), membrane crystallization (MCr), membrane emulsification (ME) and membrane contactors (MC) have become popular. A much stronger understanding of the basic properties of the materials utilized is required for adopting the appropriate membrane and for finding the relationship among material properties, membrane morphology and the transport phenomena in the membranes. This review presents the structures and properties of fluoropolymers for membranes, the preparation and modification methods of fluoropolymer membranes, and their applications. Recent progress in the development of novel fluoropolymers for membranes and their fabrication and modification methods are reported as well.

Keywords

Fluoropolymer
Membrane
Membrane preparation
Membrane modification


Outline

  1. Abstract

  2. Keywords

  3. Nomenclature

  4. 1. Introduction

    • 1.1. Membrane technology

    • 1.2. Fluoropolymers for membranes

    • 1.3. Fluoropolymer membrane preparations and modifications


  5. 2. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)

    • 2.1. Structure of PVDF

      • 2.1.1. Crystalline forms of PVDF

      • 2.1.2. Crystallization of PVDF


    • 2.2. Properties of PVDF

    • 2.3. PVDF membranes

      • 2.3.1. PVDF membrane preparation

      • 2.3.2. PVDF membrane modification


    • 2.4. PVDF copolymer membranes

      • 2.4.1. Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (P(VDF-co-TFE))

      • 2.4.2. Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropene) (P(VDF-co-HFP))

      • 2.4.3. Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-co-CTFE))

      • 2.4.4. Poly(vinylidene fluoride)-graft-poly-(styrene sulfonic acid) (PVDF-g-PSSA)

      • 2.4.5. Poly(vinylidene fluoride–trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE))



  6. 3. Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE)

    • 3.1. Structure of PTFE

    • 3.2. Properties of PTFE

    • 3.3. PTFE membranes

      • 3.3.1. Preparation of PTFE membranes

      • 3.3.2. Modification of PTFE membranes


    • 3.4. PTFE copolymer membranes

      • 3.4.1. Perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA)

      • 3.4.2. Poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluoropropyl vinyl ether) (PFA)

      • 3.4.3. Poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene) (FEP)

      • 3.4.4. Poly(ethylene-alt-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE)



  7. 4. Poly(ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene) (ECTFE)

    • 4.1. Structure of ECTFE

    • 4.2. Properties of ECTFE

    • 4.3. ECTFE membranes


  8. 5. Other fluoropolymers for membranes

  9. 6. Conclusions and outlook

  10. Acknowledgments

  11. References


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